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Pinephone - A simple compass app (Kompass ? :°)

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Foreword : This article is a log of the process I followed to develop a simple compass app for Manjaro Plasma Mobile on the Pinephone (the app in itself should be compatible with more systems and devices but this is my primary target and test device incidentally). It should be considered as such and certainly not as a tutorial to develop a new app. Further disclaimer, I am not even a developer, I am just an electrical engineer playing with Linux and software, my knowledge is really lacking and I'm sure several steps are unnecessary and/or plain wrong

Genesis of the project

I was looking for a small project to put me back on track with my Braveheart smartphone since I haven't been playing much with it since the last article. On the plasma-mobile "random project assignor" I got this. The linked problem to solve is this one Seems like a perfect project, simple enough, small so that it doesn't takes up a ton of time, with a useful and concrete result. I'm sold !

Preliminary research

According to this list the Pinephone compas is a ST LIS3MDL sensor. Actually, according to :

STmicroelectronics LIS3MDL ultra-low-power three-axis magnetometer, LGA-12 2.0x2.0x1.0 mm [datasheet] Note: The LIS3MDL is currently unavailable, so it has been replaced in the PinePhone Beta Edition with the Voltafield AF8133L e-Compass, which is unlisted on the Voltafield web site, but the AF8133J is listed. Presumably U1200 will be unpopulated and U1203 will be populated in the Beta Edition, since they appear to be alternatives.

And :

U1203: Asahi Kasei Microdevices (AKM) AK09911 3-axis electronic compass IC with Hall sensor, 8-pin WL-CSP (BGA), 1.2×1.2×0.5 mm or Voltafield Technology Corp. (VTC) AF8133J 3-axis electronic compass with proprietary anisotropic magneto resistive (AMR) technology, 8-pin WLCSP 1.2x1.2x0.5 mm Note: These parts appear to be alternatives to be used if the LIS3MDL is unavailable, so U1203 was probably unpopulated in BraveHeart and the Community Editions, but will be populated in the Beta Edition.

It's a little bit more complicated but given that I have the BraveHeart edition I apparently have a LIS3MDL

Eventually, I suppose the default Plasma-mobile (let's dream :)) compass application (Kompass obviously :)) will have to support every Pinephone configuration (and every supported smartphone). I'm not sure about how an application is supposed to handle that but I have the feeling that if the magnetometer is correctly managed by the kernel as a device, it should be exposed in a generic way in the user space... I started to poke around a little bit and found this ST driver for ST mems (what about the other brands ??) following a link from this thread. Also this random repo, not sure what it does.

After flashing a fresh Manjaro Plasma-mobile on my Pinephone, i tried :

[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo find . -name "*lis3mdl*"
[sudo] password for sylvain: 
find: ‘./proc/28998’: No such file or directory
./sys/firmware/devicetree/base/__symbols__/lis3mdl
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ 

This is great news ! Apparently, the magnetometer is in the device tree !

[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$cat ./sys/firmware/devicetree/base/__symbols__/lis3mdl
/soc/i2c@1c2b000/magnetometer@1e^@
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ 

And it's connected on an I2C bus ! (From the datasheet it could also have been SPI) This means if I'm not mistaken that the device is mapped in memory at the address 0x1c2b000. So I tried :

[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo hexdump -C --skip 0x1c2b000 /dev/mem | head
hexdump: /dev/mem: Bad address
01c2b000

Without success... Same happens for the following addresses. According to this, it's apparently normal :

You should also notice that there is no ranges property in the i2c@1,0 node. The reason for this is that unlike the external bus, devices on the i2c bus are not memory mapped on the CPU's address domain. Instead, the CPU indirectly accesses the rtc@58 device via the i2c@1,0 device. The lack of a ranges property means that a device cannot be directly accessed by any device other than it's parent.

So let's install some tools to play with I2C devices. With

[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ pacman -Syu i2c-tools

Now we can scan the I2C bus to fincd which devices are connected:

[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo i2cdetect 0
[sudo] password for sylvain: 
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!
I will probe file /dev/i2c-0.
I will probe address range 0x08-0x77.
Continue? [Y/n] Y
     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f
00:                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
30: 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
50: 50 51 52 -- 54 55 -- 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d -- 5f 
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo i2cdetect 1
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!
I will probe file /dev/i2c-1.
I will probe address range 0x08-0x77.
Continue? [Y/n] Y
     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f
00:                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- UU -- -- -- 
30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- 
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                         
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo i2cdetect 2
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!
I will probe file /dev/i2c-2.
I will probe address range 0x08-0x77.
Continue? [Y/n] Y
     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f
00:                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- 
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                         
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo i2cdetect 3
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!
I will probe file /dev/i2c-3.
I will probe address range 0x08-0x77.
Continue? [Y/n] Y
     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f
00:                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                         
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo i2cdetect 4
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!
I will probe file /dev/i2c-4.
I will probe address range 0x08-0x77.
Continue? [Y/n] Y
     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f
00:                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- 
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- 
50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                         
[sylvain@plasma-mobile /]$ sudo i2cdetect 5
WARNING! This program can confuse your I2C bus, cause data loss and worse!
I will probe file /dev/i2c-5.
I will probe address range 0x08-0x77.
Continue? [Y/n] Y
     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  a  b  c  d  e  f
00:                         -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- 
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- UU -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

For all the I2C bus (apparently five of them) there are 11 devices managed by a driver and 20 connected devices but not managed by a driver according to this excerpt from there

"--". The address was probed but no chip answered. "UU". Probing was skipped, because this address is currently in use by a driver. This strongly suggests that there is a chip at this address. An address number in hexadecimal, e.g. "2d" or "4e". A chip was found at this address.

The default addresses for the lis3mdl (according to the datasheet) are marked as "UU" which means there's probably a driver already loaded for the magnetometer. Let's try to find which kernel modules are loaded to see if some of them can be identified to a magnetometer driver :

[sylvain@plasma-mobile ~]$ lsmod
Module                  Size  Used by
rfcomm                 53248  16
bnep                   28672  2
zram                   28672  2
zsmalloc               32768  1 zram
ov5640                 32768  2
crct10dif_ce           20480  1
8723cs               1449984  0
sun50i_codec_analog    32768  1
sun8i_adda_pr_regmap    16384  1 sun50i_codec_analog
hci_uart               57344  0
btrtl                  24576  1 hci_uart
btbcm                  24576  1 hci_uart
st_magn_spi            16384  0
bluetooth             430080  44 btrtl,hci_uart,btbcm,bnep,rfcomm
st_sensors_spi         16384  1 st_magn_spi
st_magn_i2c            16384  0
panel_sitronix_st7703    16384  0
st_magn                20480  2 st_magn_i2c,st_magn_spi
st_sensors_i2c         16384  1 st_magn_i2c
inv_mpu6050_i2c        16384  0
st_sensors             20480  3 st_magn_i2c,st_magn,st_magn_spi
inv_mpu6050            32768  2 inv_mpu6050_i2c
industrialio_triggered_buffer    16384  2 inv_mpu6050,st_magn
stk3310                16384  0
kfifo_buf              16384  1 industrialio_triggered_buffer
cfg80211              315392  1 8723cs
anx7688                36864  0
ecdh_generic           16384  1 bluetooth
ecc                    28672  1 ecdh_generic
rfkill                 28672  11 bluetooth,cfg80211
sun8i_codec            53248  1
sun4i_i2s              24576  2
snd_soc_ec25           16384  1
snd_soc_bt_sco         16384  1
snd_soc_simple_card    20480  2
snd_soc_simple_amplifier    16384  1
snd_soc_simple_card_utils    20480  1 snd_soc_simple_card
snd_soc_core          151552  8 sun4i_i2s,snd_soc_bt_sco,sun50i_codec_analog,sun8i_codec,snd_soc_simple_amplifier,snd_soc_simple_card_utils,snd_soc_ec25,snd_soc_simple_card
snd_pcm_dmaengine      20480  1 snd_soc_core
snd_pcm               102400  4 sun4i_i2s,sun8i_codec,snd_soc_core,snd_pcm_dmaengine
snd_timer              40960  1 snd_pcm
snd                    65536  8 snd_timer,sun8i_codec,snd_soc_core,snd_pcm
display_connector      16384  0
soundcore              16384  1 snd
leds_sgm3140           16384  0
i2c_gpio               16384  0
sun4i_lradc_keys       16384  0
[sylvain@plasma-mobile ~]$ 

We have st_magn_spi and st_magn (for I2C), this sound promising ! A little bit more research leads to libiio which is a library for interfacing with Linux IIO (Industrial Input Output) devices from Analog Devices. It's actually installed on my Manjaro image and seems to be used to interface with the magnetometer. The first iio command to see which sensors are managed by the lib already contains tons of information :

[sylvain@plasma-mobile ~]$ iio_info 
Library version: 0.21 (git tag: v0.21)
Compiled with backends: local xml ip usb serial
IIO context created with local backend.
Backend version: 0.21 (git tag: v0.21)
Backend description string: Linux plasma-mobile 5.12.0-0-MANJARO-ARM #1 SMP Mon Apr 26 10:36:03 UTC 2021 aarch64
IIO context has 2 attributes:
        local,kernel: 5.12.0-0-MANJARO-ARM
        uri: local:
IIO context has 5 devices:
        iio:device0:
                5 channels found:
                        voltage2:  (input)
                        2 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: 3801
                                attr  1: scale value: 1.100000
                        current1:  (input)
                        2 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: 0
                                attr  1: scale value: 1
                        voltage1:  (input)
                        2 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: 0
                                attr  1: scale value: 0.800000
                        current2:  (input)
                        2 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: 110
                                attr  1: scale value: 1
                        temp:  (input)
                        3 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: offset value: -2667
                                attr  1: raw value: 2864
                                attr  2: scale value: 100
                No trigger on this device
        iio:device1: stk3310
                2 channels found:
                        proximity:  (input)
                        5 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: integration_time value: 0.000370
                                attr  1: integration_time_available value: 0.000185 0.000370 0.000741 0.001480 0.002960 0.005920 0.011840 0.023680 0.047360 0.094720 0.189440 0.378880 0.757760 1.515520 3.031040 6.062080
                                attr  2: raw value: 10
                                attr  3: scale value: 0.100000
                                attr  4: scale_available value: 6.4 1.6 0.4 0.1
                        illuminance:  (input)
                        5 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: integration_time value: 0.094720
                                attr  1: integration_time_available value: 0.000185 0.000370 0.000741 0.001480 0.002960 0.005920 0.011840 0.023680 0.047360 0.094720 0.189440 0.378880 0.757760 1.515520 3.031040 6.062080
                                attr  2: raw value: 0
                                attr  3: scale value: 0.100000
                                attr  4: scale_available value: 6.4 1.6 0.4 0.1
                No trigger on this device
        iio:device2: mpu6050 (buffer capable)
                9 channels found:
                        accel_x:  (input, index: 0, format: be:S16/16>>0)
                        6 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: calibbias value: 1052
                                attr  1: matrix value: 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0
                                attr  2: mount_matrix value: 0, 1, 0; -1, 0, 0; 0, 0, -1
                                attr  3: raw value: -32
                                attr  4: scale value: 0.000598
                                attr  5: scale_available value: 0.000598 0.001196 0.002392 0.004785
                        accel_y:  (input, index: 1, format: be:S16/16>>0)
                        6 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: calibbias value: 281
                                attr  1: matrix value: 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0
                                attr  2: mount_matrix value: 0, 1, 0; -1, 0, 0; 0, 0, -1
                                attr  3: raw value: -1594
                                attr  4: scale value: 0.000598
                                attr  5: scale_available value: 0.000598 0.001196 0.002392 0.004785
                        accel_z:  (input, index: 2, format: be:S16/16>>0)
                        6 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: calibbias value: 896
                                attr  1: matrix value: 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0
                                attr  2: mount_matrix value: 0, 1, 0; -1, 0, 0; 0, 0, -1
                                attr  3: raw value: 15226
                                attr  4: scale value: 0.000598
                                attr  5: scale_available value: 0.000598 0.001196 0.002392 0.004785
                        temp:  (input)
                        3 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: offset value: 12420
                                attr  1: raw value: -90
                                attr  2: scale value: 2.941176
                        anglvel_x:  (input, index: 4, format: be:S16/16>>0)
                        5 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: calibbias value: 0
                                attr  1: mount_matrix value: 0, 1, 0; -1, 0, 0; 0, 0, -1
                                attr  2: raw value: -44
                                attr  3: scale value: 0.001064724
                                attr  4: scale_available value: 0.000133090 0.000266181 0.000532362 0.001064724
                        anglvel_y:  (input, index: 5, format: be:S16/16>>0)
                        5 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: calibbias value: 0
                                attr  1: mount_matrix value: 0, 1, 0; -1, 0, 0; 0, 0, -1
                                attr  2: raw value: -8
                                attr  3: scale value: 0.001064724
                                attr  4: scale_available value: 0.000133090 0.000266181 0.000532362 0.001064724
                        anglvel_z:  (input, index: 6, format: be:S16/16>>0)
                        5 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: calibbias value: 0
                                attr  1: mount_matrix value: 0, 1, 0; -1, 0, 0; 0, 0, -1
                                attr  2: raw value: -15
                                attr  3: scale value: 0.001064724
                                attr  4: scale_available value: 0.000133090 0.000266181 0.000532362 0.001064724
                        timestamp:  (input, index: 7, format: le:S64/64>>0)
                        gyro:  (input, WARN:iio_channel_get_type()=UNKNOWN)
                        1 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: matrix value: 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0
                3 device-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: current_timestamp_clock value: realtime

                                attr  1: sampling_frequency value: 50
                                attr  2: sampling_frequency_available value: 10 20 50 100 200 500
                2 buffer-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: data_available value: 0
                                attr  1: watermark value: 1
                Current trigger: trigger0(mpu6050-dev2)
        iio:device3: lis3mdl (buffer capable)
                4 channels found:
                        magn_x:  (input, index: 0, format: le:S16/16>>0)
                        3 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: -5566
                                attr  1: scale value: 0.000146
                                attr  2: scale_available value: 0.000146 0.000292 0.000438 0.000584
                        magn_y:  (input, index: 1, format: le:S16/16>>0)
                        3 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: 1332
                                attr  1: scale value: 0.000146
                                attr  2: scale_available value: 0.000146 0.000292 0.000438 0.000584
                        magn_z:  (input, index: 2, format: le:S16/16>>0)
                        3 channel-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: raw value: 1793
                                attr  1: scale value: 0.000146
                                attr  2: scale_available value: 0.000146 0.000292 0.000438 0.000584
                        timestamp:  (input, index: 3, format: le:S64/64>>0)
                3 device-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: current_timestamp_clock value: realtime

                                attr  1: sampling_frequency value: 80
                                attr  2: sampling_frequency_available value: 1 2 3 5 10 20 40 80
                2 buffer-specific attributes found:
                                attr  0: data_available value: 0
                                attr  1: watermark value: 1
ERROR: checking for trigger : Input/output error (-5)
        trigger0: mpu6050-dev2
                0 channels found:
                No trigger on this device

Actually, the device interface is exposed as files :

[sylvain@plasma-mobile ~]$ cd /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio\:device3
[sylvain@plasma-mobile iio:device3]$ ls
buffer                   in_magn_x_raw    in_magn_z_raw    power                         subsystem
current_timestamp_clock  in_magn_x_scale  in_magn_z_scale  sampling_frequency            trigger
dev                      in_magn_y_raw    name             sampling_frequency_available  uevent
in_magn_scale_available  in_magn_y_scale  of_node          scan_elements
[sylvain@plasma-mobile iio:device3]$ 

And

[sylvain@plasma-mobile iio:device3]$ cat in_magn_x_raw 
-5512

So we can read from the sensor easily ! Just by opening the file and reading the value. Time to start a basic app with Plasma mobile app dev guide

The guide specify to install :

git cmake make extra-cmake-modules g++ qt5-qmake qt5-default qtdeclarative5-dev libqt5svg5-dev qtquickcontrols2-5-dev libkf5config-dev kirigami2-dev qtmultimedia5-dev

But I only had to install :

gcc
qt5

Some usefull links :

https://www.balena.io/blog/sensors-and-data-logging-with-embedded-linux-the-ultimate-guide-part-1/

https://wiki.analog.com/resources/tools-software/linux-software/libiio/iio_readdev

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18688763/why-is-istream-ostream-slow

https://community.nxp.com/t5/i-MX-Processors/Re-how-to-read-info-from-iio-device-iio-device0/m-p/269079

https://sourceforge.net/projects/iioutils/files/iioutils/

I quickly put together a small example app : https://github.com/Gnu-Bricoleur/Kompass The code is disgusting, it's the first commit on this repository.

It's really slow because the default sampling frequency is 1Hz. With this, we can speed things up

[sylvain@plasma-mobile iio:device2]$ sudo su
[sudo] password for sylvain: 
[root@plasma-mobile iio:device2]# echo 80 > sampling_frequency

(Yes, it's now device2, somehow the device number change between reboot ...)

A good source of information on I2C in general : https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-pi-spi-and-i2c-tutorial/all

Classé dans : Pinephone Mots clés : aucun

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